Frame study of Modern Times

Hello everyone,

I am Dhruvita Dhameliya. I write this Blog on movie based on 20th century.As part of syllabus we watched movie named 'MODERN TIMES' and the 'THE GREAT DICTATOR' by Charli Chaplin. 

Who is Charli Chaplin??

Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.

Comedian, actor, producer, writer, and director Charlie Chaplin is widely regarded as the greatest comic artist of the screen and one of the most important figures in motion-picture history. In 1972 he received a special Academy Award for “the incalculable effect he has had on making motion pictures the art form of this century.”

Setting of 20th century :-

From 1901 to 1925, English literature was directed by mental attitudes, moral ideals and spiritual values at almost the opposite extreme to the attitudes, ideals and values governing Victorian literature. The old certainties were certainties no longer. everything was held to be open to question. Standards of artistic craftsmanship and of aesthetic appreciation began to change fundamentally. What the Victorian had considered beautiful their children and grandchildren thought hideous. The treasured bric-a-brac of Victorian mantel shelves and whatnots was thrown into Edwardian and Georgian dustbins, though before the reign of George V was out many of the rejects had become 'antiques' and collectors' pieces. This all things we found in movies by Charli Chaplin 'Modern times' and 'The great dictator'.

 

Modern times : -

Modern Times is a 1936 American silent comedy film written and directed by Charlie Chaplin in which his iconic Little Tramp character struggles to survive in the modern, industrialized world. The film is a commentary on the desperate employment and financial conditions many people faced during the Great Depression - conditions created, in Chaplin's view, by the efficiencies of modern industrialization. The movie stars Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, Henry Bergman, Tiny Sandford and Chester Conklin. It is notable for being the last time that Chaplin portrayed the Tramp character and for being the first time Chaplin's voice is heard on film.

Character of the movie: -

Tramp and Gamin

Frame study :-

1)Time :-

  Time -  Modern or old but is always symbol of change and in this movie how modern time affects the life of people mostly the people of working class.

Movie's first scene was about time - how time change and with the change of the time everything is changing one by one and people of that time can't able to run with time.

In ancient time there is no watch system so people live life according to sun. They don't have that much awareness and value of time, because whatever season is there they live according to sunrise and sunset. But in modern time there is watch system we can say that mechanical life, people's life controlled by watch they planned everything according to watch. We also  found this thing in movie that how people work and take break on time. Workers have to complete their task in given time because they have too much value of time.

This watch also show that how was the time in 20th century's people facing.

2) Sheep - people = SHEEPLE

In this movie we found that there is crowd of workers and they roaming like sheep - sheep never look up they just follow each other without looking anywhere and same thing was happened in modern times opening scene in which people just run towards thair work place. The people of Lower class and some who go for job and other for finding the job. Charli Chaplin want to shaw the impact of industrialism and unemployment. 

Machine + Technology = unemployment

3) Technology :- 

How technology overpowered the men. This thing we can saw in movie.

Technology use to control man. In this movie boss watch the workers through camara everywhere in washroom too and through this he control the workers. There is one incident when Tramp go to washroom and boss called him for do his work that time he thrown cigarette in washroom and short-circuit was happened in T.V. we can easily get Idea that how technology control men specially the workers, they are in control of somebody and if they become lasy they lost their job  because somebody constantly looking them.

In today's time we have CCTV camera to watch people's activity and there is no need of person. 

Another scene when somebody stuck into machine and there was time for lunch so he couldn't do anything without wait to came out from machine so we can sat that everything is controlled by technology and man can do nothing in this.

 

“More than machinery, we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness.” — CHARLIE CHAPLIN

4) power of three 'M' :-

1) Muscle

2)money 

3)mind 

In this movie we saw that power of money and mind can buy the Muscle power. There is one Muscle power man whose work to put on T.V. and  wait for the order of boss and then put off it. And other side workers like Tramp who doesn't have any 'M' power they have to obeyed the boss and other man.

5) Advertisement:- 

 

During that time people attracted easily towards technology and machine for saving time. 

In this scene there was food machine for workers and boss want to purchase it but when advertiser give demo they can not got success and it's not work according to men. The machine has everything and food was put into mouth by machine but due to some issues it goes into nose and outside of the mouth and when machine tries to wipe mouth but due to issues it's wipe ti-shirt. Boss want this machine not for sake of workers but saving the time of break  and workers do more work if they invest less time in lunch.so here we saw that how life became Mechanical.

6) Unemployment :-

Technology is too fast than human and our protagonist don't able to match the speed of machine and that's why workers and boss send him to mental hospital for treatment.

7) Fight for human right :-

 Then he started living life without job.  And because of unemployment many workers do suicide and did strike because space of human taken by machine and human lose their job. Coincidentally Tramp involved in them and took flag and police arrest him without knowing anything. 

Chaplin criticising the government who didn't allow people to asking for their right.

When someone tried to breakdown the system that time political party take some actions against them to stop them and set example of not doing and asking for right.

And people feel fear and stoped doing that.

7) Orphan child - Hunger :-

During the time of Modernism there is people , who does not able to get food and shelter. Gamin the women protagonist - a orphan girl who steal Bananas for her sisters.We saw the happiness of getting food. When her father came to home she share banana with him and came to know that his father lose his job due to industrialism. During the fight of right , somebody shoot her father , here Charli satire on society that whenever someone ask for right they have to give thier life and always middle class and working class have to suffer for it.

8) Letter :-

This letter was symbol of trust. When Tramp saved to police from thief and that time police give to him as trustworthy person to give job. And by this letter he got job couple of time. 

8) Newspaper headline :-

Strike became headline of next day's  newspaper.

9) Dream :

Dream about having such house and when they entered in reality everything got changed and completely different.

They have every dream about having food, so we can observe that how kind of situation people facing during that era.

10) Mall - big shop 

Big stole - shop which was for rich people. But people of middle class visit there and satisfied their dreams by seeing this and by experienced because they can't afford it.

In today's time we called it mall which open for all and everyone can visit there and enjoyed.

11)  wait - waiter and Dance :-

When nobody give him job that time he was ready to do job of waiter and lying about his singing sake of money and work. So we can say that when someone lied for small reason that time it was not became problematic for large number of people but when High rank people lie that time many people have to suffer for it.

 She was not dancing for showing happiness but for money and she have to do that , she don't have choice for this.

When at end he got happiness but it was brief episode and tragedy is part of life.

12 ) Hope :-

When movie end Chaplin gives us a positive thought about life - work hard and fight at the end of life. 

Here i share my another blog link of frame study :- 

The great dictator

Thank you for visiting:)

One-eyed

Hello everyone I am Dhruvita Dhameliya. Today i write Blog on poetry analysis of 'one eyed ' by Meena Kandasamy. As part of thinking activity given by our professor Dr. Dilip Barad sir.

Meena Kandasamy

The poem is by Meena Kandasamy. Ilavenil Meena Kandasamy is an Indian poet, fiction writer, translator and activist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

She represented India at the University of Iowa's International Writing Program and was a Charles Wallace India Trust Fellow at the University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom. She writes columns for platforms like Outlook India and The Hindu.

Meena Kandasamy takes on Hindu myths in her politically-charged poetry. In her poems she addresses issues of caste and untouchability—something that stems from her being a Dalit, considered the lowest and most oppressed of India's castes and formerly known as "untouchables".

Her famous works :

Novels:

1)The Gypsy Goddess

2)When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife

3)Exquisite Cadavers

Poetry :

1)Touch

2)Ms Militancy

 'One eyed' by Meena Kandasamy :

the pot sees just another noisy child

the glass sees an eager and clumsy hand

the water sees a parched throat slaking thirst

but the teacher sees a girl breaking the rule

the doctor sees a case of medical emergency

the school sees a potential embarrassment

the press sees a headline and a photofeature

dhanam sees a world torn in half.

her left eye, lid open but light slapped away,

the price for a taste of that touchable water.

One Eyed, the short poem highlights various atrocities committed against the dalit women. Meena emphasizes the humanitarian attitude of inanimate things which human beings lack. The pot, the

glass and the water quench the thirst of a person while the teacher, the doctor, the school and the press are indifferent to the needs of the people. The dalit woman Dhanam was “torn in half” when she tries to get a pot of water at the cost of her left eye.

Here we can sew that who have vision power and voice to speak something they don't say anything and just found their own benefits but the thing and objects have not vision though they able to sew the need of people. 

The teacher who sew the girl who break rules , doctor sew medical imergency because her one eyed broken down, school sew embarrassment and press sew the headlines which came in newspaper and other side the objects such as glass, water and pot sew the actual need of human more than discussing cast.

Conclusion : 

So , Meena Kandasamy is talking about society in which we lived and observed everything but never raised questions because somewhere we are involved in this not directly but indirectly.

Vita and Virginia

Hello everyone I am sharing my understanding about  Orlando - A biography novel written by Virginia Woolf as part of thinking activity.

1) How far do you feel that Orlando is influenced by Vita and Virginia’s love affair? Does it talk only about that or do you find anything else too?

First of all we need to know about who is Virginia and Vita...

Who is Virginia Woolf ?? 

Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. she  is recognised as one of the most innovative writers of the 20th century. Perhaps best known as the author of Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), she was also a prolific writer of essays, diaries, letters and biographies. Both in style and subject matter, Woolf’s work captures the fast-changing world in which she was working, from transformations in gender roles, sexuality and class to technologies such as cars, airplanes and cinema.

Who is Vita ??

Vita Sackville

Vita Sackville-West was a successful novelist, poet, and journalist, as well as a prolific letter writer and diarist. She published more than a dozen collections of poetry during her lifetime and 13 novels. She was twice awarded the Hawthornden Prize for Imaginative Literature: in 1927 for her pastoral epic, The Land, and in 1933 for her Collected Poems. She was the inspiration for the protagonist of Orlando: A Biography, by her famous friend and lover, Virginia Woolf.

 Orlando : A Biography is a novel by Virginia Woolf, first published on 11 October 1928. Inspired by the tumultuous family history of the aristocratic poet and novelist Vita Sackville-West, Woolf's lover and close friend, it is arguably one of her most popular novels; Orlando is a history of English literature in satiric form. The book describes the adventures of a poet who changes sex from man to woman and lives for centuries, meeting the key figures of English literary history. Considered a feminist classic, the book has been written about extensively by scholars of women's writing and gender and transgender studies.

The novel is not directly talking about Vita or Virginia but indirectly and symbolically it's talked about love, gender and poet and society. Virginia satire on society by  the character of Orlando who changed their sex and live for so many years. She also talked about how the lifestyle of man and women differ , how they suffer and society has vital role in all the thing.

There was indirectly satire on great writer of the age like Alexander pope. How gender play role in making career that all thing talked by writer in this.

2) Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations.

According to movies which we watched Vita and Virginia in which we saw That character of Vita is more confused about her choice and feelings she is not able control her feelings towards men and women. She had extramarital affair with women though she don't want to leave her husband.  we can say that she put her leg in two boat she doesn't able to select one. When she first time saw Virginia in party she was impressed by her and she want friendship with her anyhow and for that she tries a lot and she got success in this. In movie she told her husband about Virginia Woolf and her personality.

She just want her and for that she did so much effort and got success but with the passing of the time she leave Virginia and make relation with other one so character of Vita is more confused and unstable in many way.

3) What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If no then why?

According to me thought of society is changing with the passing of the time.

But there is always one thing common which is that most of theWhat are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society? rule is for women. Women is centre  part of every rule of the society. For example Traditionally, women were considered to be full-time homemakers. Their responsibilities were to take care of their children and family. They didn’t have any role in the household earning. Over the years, the roles of women have changed.

But it is true that change is always good for women and women is the reason for the change whatever kind of change there.

Education

More women are now getting literate and they are also pursuing higher education. This is creating an opportunity for them to work. They are also playing role in family decision making.

Outside activities

Women are no longer staying home full-time. They are going to the market for doing grocery shopping, paying bills and doing all the works that only men used to do before. They are getting more involved in the outside works.

I am not completely agree with the idea of society about women because it's depends on situation but when people make it rule and tradition then it is become dreadful for them and they demand for change and this is always in progressive way and it take women to one step up from their position ,for example Virginia Woolf who demanded for higher education and women rights in 20th century and in this 21st century women can get education and freedom very easily. But still there is some places where is women who don't aware about all kind of freedom and rights and they suffer. 

In context of Orlando we know that when he is male that time he was able to do what he want to do but as female she can't write as easily as he did. In this novel society became antagonist for Orlando and he became voice of everybody like women , man , writer, satirist and society too.

4) What are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society?

Gender roles in society means how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold.

Every society, ethnic group, and culture has gender role expectations, but they can be very different from group to group. They can also change in the same society over time. For example, pink used to be considered a colour for girls.

We live in the society where whatever kind of development in the world but mentality of people towards men and women are never Changed. They always judge person by their identity. I am not talking about female only but men also suffer from it. Society make different rule for different gender for the same situation and they always aspects that they should follow this and behaves according that.

Personality traits :

For example, women are often expected to be accommodating and emotional, while men are usually expected to be self-confident and aggressive.

Domestic behaviors 

For example, some people expect that women will take care of the children, cook, and clean the home, while men take care of finances, work on the car, and do the home repairs.

Occupations

Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the moive?

 Some people are quick to assume that teachers and nurses are women, and that pilots, doctors, and engineers are men.

Physical appearance 

 For example, women are expected to be thin and graceful, while men are expected to be tall and muscular. Men and women are also expected to dress and groom in ways that are stereotypical to their gender (men wearing pants and short hairstyles, women wearing dresses and make-up.

This kind of different we always find in gender identity and development can not took change in this because it's all about mentality and mentality is not changed by science and technology because somewhere we also habituated with this thing for example whenever rape case happened we first look the time when this happened and when we come to know It about late night then we State that girl can not go outside late night she is responsible for that, she should stay home etc. So as women I also habituated with this kind of thing and ofcourse society is not someone it is made by us and we all are the part of this who made it.

5) Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the moive?

In the movie Vita and Virginia , Gemma Arterton plays Vita Sackville-West, a famous socialite and writer in her own right, who meets a woman already famous but soon to be legendary, Virginia Woolf, played by the great Elizabeth Debicki. There’s an immediate connection between the two—although one of the many problems in Eileen Atkins’ script, based on her own play and co-written with director Chanya Button, is that it’s one of those films that’s constantly telling us about the spark between its leading ladies instead of actually showing it. Vita is coming off a scandalous affair with another woman, although it’s more of an issue for society and her mother and more than her husband  with whom she seems to be in a “don’t ask, don’t tell” variation on open marriage.

The Virginia captured here is just starting to become the one we know today. She’s dealing with mental illness and anxiety over the publication of Mrs. Dalloway when she becomes infatuated with Vita. The idea that Vita should be a more vibrant, outgoing personality to counter Virginia’s reticent, wallflower personality is fine on a creative level, but it leads to a film with two performances at its center that feel like they’re from different movies. Arterton goes broad in line reading and facial expressions, but Debicki goes too far in the other direction. If Arterton is playing to the back row of the theatre, Debicki is playing to the people who could afford the front. They’re both very good taken on their own, but it creates a lack of chemistry in the center in which it doesn’t just feel like the two women have different personalities but like they’re in different movies. Arterton and Debicki are excellent actresses, but it was Button’s responsibility to pull them together as a director, and that just never happens.

Part of the problem is that the script never allows for depth of character, making the exaggerated over- and under-acting more apparent. This is a film filled with people who say what they want, feel, and need all the time. A character literally says, “You must remember that Virginia is vulnerable under all her brilliance.”

6) Vita and Virginia" had to be made into Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

If in Bollywood made movie on Vita and Virginia then i choose Deepika Padukone as Virginia Woolf and Priyanka Chopra as Vita Sackville.

Deepika Padukone and Priyanka Chopra

Vita Sackville and Virginia Woolf

" ARRANGE WHATEVER PIECES COME YOUR WAY "

#Virginiaandme

20th century literature

1) Setting of the 20th century :

Hello everyone I am Dhruvita Dhameliya. I write this  Blog on 20th century literature as part of thinking activity given by our professor Dr.Dilip Barad. 

20th century's literature called Modern literature it is not that much old just 100 year old literature. There was time when development and progression as such as regression at material level. 

Feminism

Feminism start with this age because there was war in which many man dies and women have to fight for their lives and then they started for asking their rights in many fields such as voting, education and many other. There was time when life became too faster than any other age  many progression are there, scientific revolution are there and people come to know about the universal aspects and with world also.

women education

But there was spiritual regression and this thing reflected in literature. There was kind of literature talking about science, religion and history. For example ,

Wasteland written by T.S Eliot which talked about how explores life in London in the aftermath of the First World War.

The twentieth century was in contrast with the Victorian age. How Victorian ideals became stupidity in the twentieth century. Every aspect of life is changed with the industrial revolution and through the welfare state. The time has come to attract towards urbanization. So that's how we also understand the literature of that time. 

People become more religion and sentimental because there was such institutions to control them and support them.

Religion - priest /Pope

Politics - political party /leader

Home - father 

In which Home is the safe institution. But with the passing of the time idea of home start breaking and people started living life according to their values of life. There was development of motors and bikes. People have economic opportunities and there was Freedom in every field and people become economical also free so they started earning and living alone. During the Victorian time people are not able to accept the idea of breaking home so they feel it like suffering and meaningless but in 20th century this became easy for people to accept.

1)Political Agitation : 

Country like France don't allow people to do what they want to do then youth and college students start Agitation and they demand of change but government don't allow for political agitation.

According to A.C ward youth misuse the political right people like Hitler who misuse the power. Political demonstrations by untutored youth and someone control them by making law. For example in today's context we can say that youth express their agression towards rail and burn down it and government made new  law and decided to identify them and never give to job and announced them as criminal.

So politics is something which students should know and how it's work but political party never allow anybody to interfere in this and when someone try to know then they stopped by applying new law and restrictions. That is the thing which we found similar in every age of literature.

2) Anti victorianism : 

 

Victorian sociaty are very religious and table manners are very important - like how to chew and eat how sit at table but for modern people it was hypocrisy and it was like showoff. Victorian people have to do that because many other people do that.

Education system in Victorian era is not for all. But in modern time education is for all , people raise there voice and it become strong in modern era. For example there was writer like Hardy who speaks about current issue of the society but people don't listen him but in Victorian time people get idea about reality of life.

Interrogative habit of mind is developed in modern time - new people- modern people start questioning, examine and testing before believing in anything.

At this point, however, there is no need to distinguish between two groups of writers: the group that was already established in the first decade of the present century; and the group that had not so far begun to produce, but was shaping its ideas largely in conformity with a work which had no public impact, G E Moore's Principia Ethica (1903). 

     There are also two types of groups that are Fabianism, socialist movement and theory that emerged from the activities of the Fabian Society, and another one is Bloomsbury group of thinkers and writers.

Fabian society :

"ART FOR LIFE SAKE "

Fabian Society for the purpose of reconstructing British society on a non-competitive basis in order to secure its general welfare and happiness. The founding members included Edward Pease, Edith Nesbith, Hubert Bland, and Frank Podmore. Nine months later George Bernard Shaw became one of its most active members, and in May 1885, he invited two young Colonial Office clerks, Sidney Webb and Sydney Olivier to join the Society. 

Bloomsbury group : 

"ART FOR ART SAKE "

The Bloomsbury Group—or Bloomsbury Set—was a group of associated English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists in the first half of the 20th century, including Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E.M. Forster and Lytton Strachey.

Bloomsbury style involves transforming, upcycling, and decorating everything that surrounds you, from painting the walls and doors to the wood furniture and even lamp bases and lamp shades.

In the first fifty years of the twentieth century the human race moved through a remarkable series of upheavals than during perhaps fifty generations in the past. Man's growing mastery of the physical world and its material resources is a story of ever-accelerating progress accompanied in its later phases by an unprecedented moral and spiritual relapse. Progress and regress, both, are fruits of the Scientific Revolution which has been the outstanding feature of this century. The perfecting of the internal combustion engine made possible the aeroplane and other means of mass slaughter in two world wars, with nuclear power to follow, bringing the threat of universal destruction though also the possibility of world protection by reason of the nation's saving fear of mutual annihilation.

The 20th century was like no time period before it. Einstein, Darwin, Freud and Marx were just some of the thinkers who profoundly changed Western culture. These changes took distinct shape in the literature of the 20th century. Modernism, a movement that was a radical break from 19th century Victorianism, led to postmodernism, which emphasized self-consciousness and pop art. While 20th century literature is a diverse field covering a variety of genres, there are common characteristics that changed literature forever. 

The early twentieth century was a period of extraordinary literary activity in England. The publishing industry was expanded and modernized as there was a huge demand for books. There were various reasons for this:

· Elementary education became universal

· The public library system was developed

· There was reaction against excessive working hours from the trade unions and laborers got vast increase in leisure.

Modernism is a comprehensive movement which began in the closing years of the 19th century and has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century. reveals breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions, fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself. style or movement in the arts that aims to break with classical and traditional forms”

MODERNISM INCLUDES MANY “ISMS” :

Imagism: 

Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and discursiveness of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. They wrote short poems that used ordinary language and free verse to create sharp, exact, concentrated pictures.

Symbolism: 

Symbolism in France began as a reaction against Naturalism and Realism, movements which attempted to objectively capture reality. The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meaning to objects, events or relationships.During the 20th century the use of symbolism became a major force in British literature. T. S. Eliot adapted it in the development of his individual style and praised it in his criticism.The most outstanding development of symbolism was in the art of the novel.

IMPRESSIONISM: 

The term ‘Impressionism’ comes from the school of mid- nineteenth century French painting. The impressionists made the act of perception the key for the understanding of structure of reality. They developed a technique by which objects were not seen as solids but as fragments of color which the spectator’s eye unified.It is representation of reality through impressions. I have put in image how are reflect this art with thought.

CUBISM :

A 20th century art movement that inspired other art forms. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up and reassemble into an abstract form.Cubist poetry attempts to do in verse what cubist painters.o on canvas; that is, take the elements of an experience, fragment them  (“destructions”), and then rearrange them in a meaningful new synthesis (“sum of destructions”).

DADAISM:

A nihilistic art movement especially in painting that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century.based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty. It is a protest against the barbarism of warthe rejection of prevailing standards of art and ignored logical relationship between idea and statement, argued for absolute freedom,delivered itself of numerous provocative manifestoes. I have share image example of Dadaism. 

SURREALISM:

 A 20th century aesthetic, artisticn and cultural movement developed in France that attempts to express the workings of sub-conscious mind.They focused upon using all forms of art as a means to express the real functioning of human mind.

EXISTENTIALISM:

It is a concept that became popular during the Second World War in France. Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesn't have an "objective" or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affirming it and living it, not by talking about it.

FUTURISM: 

In the 1920's and 1930's the term Futurism was loosely used to describe a wide variety of aggressively modern styles in art and literature.the futurists love speed, noise, machines, pollution and cities as they embraced the exciting new world that was then upon them.Futurist paintings were made to glorify life .Futurists developed to glorify urban life as well as machinery and industrialization.

Some famous modern writers are ,

Conclusion : 

This particular time we find that a lot of war poets are there who write a poem about war. Twentieth century literature is about individualism, stream of consciousness, to read against power and religion, science fiction, short stories about class distinction, about workers etc.

2) Dystopian Literature :

Dys - Bad (old Greek)

Topia - place ( old Greek)

What is opposite of a dystopia??

Utopia-  A place , state or condition that is ideally perfect in respect of politics, laws, customs and conditions.

What is dystopia in literature??

It is a world in which everything is imperfect and everything goes terribly wrong. Dystopian literature shows us a nightmarish image about what might happen to the world in the near future. Usually the main themes of dystopian works are rebellion, oppression, revolutions, wars, overpopulation and disaster.

Dystopian Literature explores the darkest facets of the human mind and human nature. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a dystopia is,

 "An imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad as possible." 

The easiest way to think about Dystopian Literature and dystopias is to consider that a dystopia is often the result of a society's arranging its government and laws around good qualities for a perfect society, such as order, equality, and obedience, and taking those qualities to the absolute extreme. Dystopian Literature, while fiction, can also spookily echo our own past, present, and future. Dystopian Literature is one of the best genres to understand man's inhumanity to his fellow men. 

What’s the Difference Between Utopia and Dystopia?

The term “utopia” was coined by Sir Thomas More in his 1516 book Utopia, which was about an ideal society on a fictional island. Unlike utopian literature, dystopian literature explores the dangerous effects of political and social structures on humanity’s future.

What Is the Significance of Dystopian Fiction?

Dystopian novels that have a didactic message often explore themes like anarchism, oppression, and mass poverty. Margaret Atwood, one of literature’s most celebrated authors of dystopian fiction, thinks about it like this:

 “If you’re interested in writing speculative fiction, one way to generate a plot is to take an idea from current society and move it a little further down the road. Even if humans are short-term thinkers, fiction can anticipate and extrapolate into multiple versions of the future.”

Here are other reasons why dystopian fiction is significant in literature:

Dystopian fiction can be a way to educate and warn humanity about the dangers of current social and political structures. Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel The Handmaid’s Tale takes place in a futuristic United States, known as Gilead. It cautions against oppressive patriarchy.

Dystopian stories may convey an author’s beliefs. For example, H.G. Wells’ 1895 novel The Time Machine reflected Wells’ socialist views. The story follows a Victorian England scientist who builds a time machine and witnesses the pitfalls of a capitalist society.

Dystopian stories require a greater suspension of disbelief and can be very imaginative. For example, George Orwell’s allegory Animal Farm is about a group of pigs who stage a rebellion against their human farmer. The farm animals’ rise to power is based on the Russian Revolution.

Dystopian novels can also be satirical critiques. For example, the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess is a social satire of behaviorism. It takes place in a futuristic society with a youth subculture of extreme violence. A totalitarian government protects society by prescribing good behavior and abolishing violent impulses.

Function of Dystopia : 

Through Dystopia authors express their concern about issues of humanity and society and warn the people about their weaknesses. Authors use Dystopia as a literary techniques. That might happen in the future. Thus the role of Dystopia in literary works is to educate and give awareness to the audience.

Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction   :

The central themes of dystopian novels generally fall under these topics:

1)Government control

2)Environmental destruction

3)Technological control

4)Survival

5)Loss of individualism

Government Control :

Government plays a big role in dystopian literature. Generally, there is either no government or an oppressive ruling body.

In George Orwell’s 1984, the world is under complete government control. The fictional dictator Big Brother enforces omnipresent surveillance over the people living in the three inter-continental superstates remaining after a world war.

Fiction: Technological Control :

Advanced science and technology in dystopian works go beyond tools for improving everyday life—technology is often depicted as a controlling, omnipresent force and is often used as a fear-mongering tactic.

Environmental Disaster :

Dystopian novels are often set in places that are inhabitable, have been destroyed, or are preparing for destruction.

Survival :

The oppressive powers and destruction in dystopian worlds often leave the inhabitants to fend for themselves.

Loss of Individualism :

How should the needs of society as a whole compare to individual needs? Many dystopian futures depict the dangers of conformity.