W.H.Auden's Poem

Hello everyone,

Today i try to analyse Auden's poem as pandemic poem and compare with the current issue Russian and Ukraine War, because Auden also talked about war in his poems , and how can we relate it with today's problems and another issue of today is pandemic  so let's start,

First of all i would like to give some information about W.H Auden :-

Full name of W.H. Auden is Wystan Hugh Auden. He was a British poet, author and playwright best known as a leading literary figure in the 20th century for his poetry. Auden's poetry was noted for its stylistic and technical achievement, its engagement with politics, morals, love, and religion, and its variety in tone, form, and content. Some of his best known poems are about love, such as "Funeral Blues" on political and social themes, such as "September 1, 1939" and "The Shield of Achilles" on cultural and psychological themes, such as The Age of Anxiety and on religious themes such as "For the Time Being" and "Horae Canonicae". To know more about Auden.

1) Auden's poem seems to be written in our times for 2022, justify is in context of pandemic and Russia - Ukraine war.

In memory of W.H. Yeats poem.

The poem is on death of W.H. Yeats and this kind of poem known as Elegy. The poem is in three part. Major thematic concerned of poem is role of poet and it's an Elegy so it's reflection- thinking on the role of and place of poetry in modern times. And poet ask three questions about poet and poetry ,

1) What is poetry for?

2) Can poetry make anything happen?

3) Should it make anything happen?

 The first part of the poem W.H. Auden introduces pathetic fallacy using extended metaphor begins with,

 “He disappeared in the dead of winter” and says that the brooks were frozen, the airports were deserted and the wolves ran through the evergreen forests”.

The mercury sank in the mouth of the dying day.

In this very first stanza there is words like 'dead of winter' and 'airports were deserted' 'mercury'  during pandemic time there is gun for check the level of temparature and we know that in during winter time corona spread too much and so many people died and there is rumors that corona will go in summer so winter became reason of death. And airport were deserted as we know that people don't allowed to travel and flights were stopped for many months so we can use it in pandemic period.

But for him it was his last afternoon as himself,

An afternoon of nurses and rumours;

During pandemic time rumours spreading too much of somebody die or live and hospital also became confused about dead body of somebody so we can use rumours in this sense.

But for him it was his last afternoon as himself,

An afternoon of nurses and rumours;

The provinces of his body revolted,

The squares of his mind were empty,

Silence invaded the suburbs,

The current of his feeling failed; he became his admirers.

We can relate last stnaza like, All the countries of Ukraine were restless because Putin’s Russian attacked Kyiv and Chine supported Russian against Ukraine  and it was the beginning of Third World War. The square of his mind were empty' square as chess'a square and empty we can relate it with our today's condition that in Ukraine there is war is running so soldiers are died and land became empty due to attacks and death of soldiers.

Second part : 

In the second part there is word like 'Isolation' we directly relate with pandemic as we know that corona patient have to stay  isolated for safety of other people.

Third part :-

In the final part poet speaks about 2nd World war and conditions of all the countries and specially Europe which we directly connect with our today's problem of Russia & Ukraine's war. Ukraine is in spiritual darkness because all the countries bark against each other like mad dogs and the intellectual community in all these nations are anxiously and helplessly waiting because people are blinded with hatred of their neighbor, leading to war. Therefore, W. H. Auden asks us to follow the poet because poetry always leads through the right path of life. In the Bible God cursed Adam and Eve to earn their daily bread and butter by hard work, but the poets like WB Yeats converts the curse into a beautiful vineyard for human beings by singing of the failures and frailties of human life and fill human hearts with the spirit of love and peace. Although human life is a prison of difficulties and problems, poets teach us to praise each other and wipe out hatred and ill will.

2) Epitaph on a Tyrant written by W.H.Auden and  published in 1939 the year that the Second World War broke out. The specific tyrant Auden had in mind, he was probably Adolf Hitler, though the poem can be analysed as a study in tyranny more generally, too. This powerful poem that remains all too relevant today. Epitaph on a Tyrant’ is one of Auden’s short masterpieces. In just six lines,manages to say so much about the nature of tyranny.

-Epitaph - kind of quote - written on someone dead's tomb

- Tyrant - Brutal Dictator

We start with the word ‘Perfection’, which is immediately undermined by the qualifying clause ‘of a kind’. Something is either perfect or it is not; there is no such thing as perfection ‘of a kind’. This shows the unrealistic nature of the tyrant’s dream, which often stems from a desire to create some kind of utopia. The poetry the tyrant wrote, we are told, was easy to understand. In today's context we can say that we saw many such people around us who wants to make the nation perfect which seems impossible. But they always fond of prove themselves as best rulers or President and for that they do such activities , photographs with children, start crying during speech and clicked photos with soldiers.

When they want to make nation perfect it's their views and according to his belief whatever they think as perfect they want to change and it is always dangerous for other people mostly for common people.

And the poetry he invented was easy to understand;

He knew human folly like the back of his hand,

And was greatly interested in armies and fleets;

This suggests someone who believes art should be democratic and enjoyed by everybody, and such anti-elitism appears to be a positive trait at first. But the late Geoffrey Hill observed, in defence of difficult art, ‘that genuinely difficult art is truly democratic. In this we can say that people and specially Soldiers  of Ukraine and Russia are ready to fight for their governments without any objection because they think that whatever their governments told that is true. So for people language of this people is too easy to understand. They want to invented poetry while poetry is an art and it's never be easy to understand but for then poetry  and other art also became invention so it's became easy for their followers to understand. Poetry is kind of mirror in which you can't see one image there is many images and there is difficulty to understand it.

Whole poem is about the quality of Tyrant and we found it in our politicians today also.And besides, what does it mean to talk of somebody having ‘invented’ poetry? Poetry is made, composed, written, created - but invented suggests that the tyrant wishes to take credit for having come up with the idea of poetry itself, or at least a whole new kind of poetry.

We relate it our today's situation because Auden's also talked about 2nd world war and we also stand near to 3rd world war so we also find out the such kind of   behaviour and mentality in politicians and rulers.

September 1,1939 :-

This poem deals with dictatorship, propaganda and political issues and also about rise of peasisim and outbreak of world.  But i would like to read this poem as pandemic and today's Ukraine & Russia war. 

Uncertain and afraid

As the clever hopes expire

Of a low dishonest decade:

Waves of anger and fear

Circulate over the bright

And darkened lands of the earth,

Obsessing our private lives;

The unmentionable odour of death

Offends the September night.

In the very first stanza of the poem speaker pondering about what is happening in Europe war. Dictator like Hitler is responsible for it not only one but many other dictator. But we can say that whenever such events or situation happened it not suddenly happened there is some kind of sign and many other things are there in background of this.

In case of corona we can say that corona is not responsible for death of so many people but people are died due to they don't have proper medical care and not get oxygen on time so if we have Money and fund so government should use it for build hospital.

Accurate scholarship can

Unearth the whole offence

From Luther until now

That has driven a culture mad,

Find what occurred at Linz,

What huge imago made

A psychopathic god:

I and the public know

What all schoolchildren learn,

Those to whom evil is done

Do evil in return.

In this second stanza we can say that person like dictator they always think themselves as psychopathic God and powerful Person and thought that whatever they do it is right and good for everybody, we cam relate it today's Russia & Ukraine's war. Russian president Vladimir Putin that whatever he do is for sake of Ukraine's people and give reason for war. So dictator always think that whatever they do that's  good for everybody. 

We can say that if in past somebody do something wrong then people should forgive them otherwise they attack back and people have to pay for it. Today we see that how people of Ukraine feel trouble and situation going out of control. 

Exiled Thucydides knew

All that a speech can say

About Democracy,

And what dictators do,

The elderly rubbish they talk

To an apathetic grave;

In this stanza we can say that people have to become like Thucydides who know everything about dictator, what they speak and why they speak such thing and as we know that dictator always concerned about their benefits and talked rubbish thing. 

Into this neutral air

Where blind skyscrapers use

Their full height to proclaim

The strength of Collective Man,

Each language pours its vain

Competitive excuse:

But who can live for long

In an euphoric dream;

Out of the mirror they stare,

Imperialism's face

And the international wrong.

In fourth stanza we can see how speaker talked about the people who stay neutral in the trouble. As we know that during second world war America remain neutral and in war Ukraine and Russia many countries including India remain neutral that means they are in favour of wrong things, And favour of war.

In the time of Corona pandemic we can say that if there is one country where corona is still present then there is chances of spreading corona in all over the World so people should be follow all guidelines of government.

Children afraid of the night

Who have never been happy or good.

In This stanza we can say that The night which has come on them is the night of the present  War of Russia & Ukraine. That they have never been happy with their lot is evident from their imperialistic policies. And they are not good as evident from the fact that they exploit the poor and the weak at home and abroad.

The windiest militant trash

Important Persons shout

Is not so crude as our wish:

What mad Nijinsky wrote

About Diaghilev

Is true of the normal heart;

In this stanza we can say that Speaker want to say about human psyche who always think about themselves and self centred. For example in state level we proud as Gujarati, in country level we concerned about Indian but we never think ourselves as human. We became happy when Pakistan face any trouble so we can say that we don't have such  humanity and we never concerned about everybody. And people like psychopathic God who became happy when other country facing problems and create boundaries for people.

In pandemic time also we saw that people like Donald Trump who openly denied to wear mask and set wrong example for his followers to don't wear mask.

"I will be true to the wife,

I'll concentrate more on my work,"

And helpless governors wake

To resume their compulsory game:

Who can release them now,

Who can reach the deaf,

Who can speak for the dumb?

In this stanza we say that it's about the common people are held up to comparison with their political rulers in this stanza. In context of pandemic we can relate it who travelled for their work they suffered a lot during lockdown due to 

Many reasons. But politicians didn't understand it because they haven't face such situations. As we know that during corona time  police have to do their work too seriously and there was same rule for everybody but we know there is one case in Surat in which son of politicians wondering on road and when lady constable stop him , he use power of his father and escaped from crime. Sunita yadav

In context of war we can say that who fight for government and politicians who help them when they are in trouble? Who speaks for them? Noone because everybody is concerned about their own self no one is matter for them. We see helplessness of man, uneventful life and the governors playing their game of fooling them goes on incessantly. Who can 'reach the deaf' and 'speak for the dumb?

All I have is a voice

To undo the folded lie,

The romantic lie in the brain

Of the sensual man-in-the-street

And the lie of Authority

Whose buildings grope the sky:

There is no such thing as the State

And no one exists alone;

Hunger allows no choice

To the citizen or the police;

We must love one another or die.

   At the end of the poem speaker say very interesting thing which is that we all have voice but we can't have right to do what we want to do as we know that if somebody write something against of authority and religion then people create trouble for those people and then fight is started of men to other men. Nobody have choice for doing what they want to do. 

In case of  Russia & Ukraine's war we say that people are hungry to kill other people and noone is able to stop them and people are dieing. So we can say that, 

Soldiers are intoxicated for fight 

          and

 Normal people are in toxication of neutrality.

In this poem there is possibility to read this poem as queer study and our professor also give us a task of find out the theme of lack of acceptance of homosexuality in society so i made another blog on this task Click here for more information.

Thank you :)

Transcendentaliam

Hello everyone,

Today i write blog on What is Transcendentaliam and who is main figure of this literature as part of thinking activity given by Vaidehi Hariyani ma'am.

1) Transcendentalists talks about Individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you? Share your views

First of all we have to know what is Transcendentaliam :-

Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in New England.

Basically TRANSCENDENTALISM is a very formal word that describes a very simple idea. People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

Transcendentaliam rose out of a literary background in the romantic movement in America , Britain and Europe. Plato was the first person who proposed the concept of Transcendentaliam. He believed in the absolute goodness. The one beyond description. This goodness according to him could be perceived only Through intuitions and insight instead of logical rationality. Transcendentaliam is concerned with themselves instead of writing for others higher sources of guidence including God or church. It was expressed but also their was  contemporaries including James Fenimore Cooper , Edger Allan Poe , Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Herman Melville and Walt Whitman. So this all are contemporaries of Transcendentaliam.

  The 19th-century Transcendentalism movement was inspired by German transcendentalism, Platonism and Neoplatonism, the Indian and Chinese scriptures, and also by the writings of such mystics as Emanuel Swedenborg and Jakob Bohme, Which although rationalist and  opposed to calvinist orthodoxy. Transcendentaliam was involved a rejection of stirck puriton religious attitudes unlike the puritans,  the transcendentalist saw humans and nature as possessing an inner goodness.

Transcendentalist represent American art and literature. Basically it is religious or and works on importance of individual conscious and what it say , what your intentions say that of you have any trouble you have to ask yourself what your intention says instead of any religion in church. They want to say their is no rationality, God is within you and you have to ask yourself what is right or wrong and for solution you don't need to find outside according to Transcendentalist.

So basically Transcendentaliam talked about individualism rather than became part of crowd.To know more about Transcendentaliam

A) What is Nature???

Definition of nature is changing on passing with the time. As we know that during the romantic period there was defination of nature like,

"A thing of beauty is a joy for ever'.

John Keats

"nature is a teacher whose wisdom we can learn, and without human is vain and

incomplete".           -William Wordsworth

According to me Nature has both side good as well as bad. Which make us happy by rain and this nature also make us sad by flood and many other calamities. But in context of Transcendentaliam for me Nature which allows us to stay with ourselves and give a kind of peace of mind and way of living peaceful life in this mechanical world. So for me Nature is kind of Digital tool which make you happy as well as sad. It's upon you how you see it.

2) Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy came up with such similar thought?

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Yes, We find out such ideas in Indian history also. As we know that Indian history is very interesting and there was many people who want some kind of revolution and progress into society and for that they gave such ideas and theories.

The Unitarians particularly admired the reformer Rammohan Roy for his Vedanta idealism and his critique of Hindu polytheism in favor of what seemed for all the world a Unitarian perspective.

Brahmo Samaj  is the societal component of Brahmoism, which began as a monotheistic  reformist movement of the Hindu religion that appeared during the Bengal  Renaissance. It is practised today mainly as the Adi Dharm  after its eclipse in Bengal consequent to the exit of the Tattwabodini Sabha from its ranks in 1839. The first Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1861 at Lahore  by Pandit Nobin Chandra Roy.

It was one of the most influential religious movements in India and made a significant contribution to the making of modern India. It was started at Calcutta on 20 August 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore as reformation of the prevailing Brahmanism of the time specifically Kulin practices and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century pioneering all religious, social and educational advance of the Hindu community in the 19th century. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, now known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj. From the Brahmo Samaj springs Brahmoism, the most recent of legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with vital elements of Judeo-Islamic faith and practice.

Brahmo samaj believe in :-

 

1)Brahmo Samajists have no faith in any scripture as an authority.

2)Brahmo Samajists have no faith in Avatars.

3)Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship.

4)Brahmo Samajists are against caste restrictions.

5)Brahmo Samajists have faith in the doctrines of Karma and Rebirth.

6)Brahmos believe in the existence of One Supreme God "a God, endowed with a distinct personality & moral attributes equal to His nature, and intelligence befitting the Governor of the Universe," and worship Him. Him alone. We do not believe in His incarnations.

As we know that transcendentalist were visionaries of social reform. They took progressive stands on women's rights, abolition reform and education. And also they criticised government, organization, religion, laws, social institutions and creeping industrialisation. And they create a American STATE OF MIND in which..

"IMAGINATION WAS BETTER THAN REASON,

CREATIVITY WAS BETTER THAN THEORY,

ACTION WAS BETTER THAN CONTEMPLATION"

Thank you:)

Image sited :-

Koba chan. (2006). File:Lightnings sequence 2 animation-wcag.gif. photograph. 

MadGeographer. File:Bachalpsee Reflection.jpg. Switzerland, 6 Aug. 2008. 

Indian poetic

Hello everyone,

 Today i write blog on Indian poetics which tought us by well known gujrati poet Dr. Vinod Joshi sir. He give lecture to us for nine days so i would like give my understanding of this nine days about Indian poetics :- 

1)Introduction of the Indian poetics :-

"Western criticism focused on result

 when India criticism focused on process".

 BharataMuni is the first among all critics who pioneered in Indian aesthetics. Some of the noteworthy critics of Sanskrit literature are :-

1) Bharat 

2) Aanand vardhan

3) Kuntak 

4)Bhamaha

5) Jagannath

6) Abhinav Gupta

7) Dhananjay

8) Bhoja

9) HemchandraCharya

10) Dandi 

This all are well known critics of Indian poetics who give Idea of all the theories like - Rasa theory , Dhvani Theory , vakrokti theory, Riti theory and Auchitya theory.

"Connection of Word and meaning called literature"

 

Language + word = voice 

2) What is happiness??

Happiness is not describeable ,it is not fortune, it is not demand but it is result of fortune and happiness which is  beyond our capacity.

All critics was fighting for the find out the  soul of poetry  - kavya and theatre , they wanted to make their theory as soul of poem - kavya.

 The Six Schools and the pioneers of Indian poetics :–

1)Rasa - Bharat

2)Alamkara - Bhamaha

3)Riti - Vamana

4)Dhvani - Anandvardhan

5)Vakrokti - Kuntaka

6)Auchitya - kshemendra

(1)School of Rasa :-

According to BharataMuni Rasa is the soul of poem.

रसप्राणो हि नाट्यविघि:

BharataMuni is the first who find out this theory and create a Granth named - NATYASHASTRA  and discussed Rasa theory in detail. 

According to this theory whatever we feel we decide that another person also feel the same thing and we conclude that whatever we feel another person also feel the same thing but it isn't true it is our allusion and belief that everyone feel same thing in one condition.

According to BharataMuni 'Bhava' is the more important than the experience of the person. And he says that we are here for feel instinct not for thinking.

When BharataMuni create 'Natya' that time he gave 'Rasa Theory'.

Rasa theory includes everything including Vakrokti, Dhvani and Alankara. 

Rajshekhar wrote grantha name - Kavyamimansa. In that he claimed that creater and reader both have capacity to read and feel the art and poem - kavya. And everyone hasn't able to do such things and creativity because he/she is avarage. 

BharataMuni give some characteristics of Rasa and definition of 'Rasa' :-

There is three type through this we got knowledge of the world :-

1) Memory- unchangeable

2) Dream - uncontrollable

3) Imagination - controllable

The Sanskrit text Natya shastra presents the rasa theory in a text attributed to Bharata Muni. The text begins its discussion with a sutra called in Indian aesthetics as the rasa sutra:

।। विभावानुभाव व्यभिचारी संयोगात् रसनिष्पति: ।।

"Rasa is produced from a combination of Determinants (vibhava), Consequents (anubhava) and Transitory States (vyabhicaribhava).

According to Bharatmuni, the realization of Rasa results from the Union of Vibhavas, Anubhavas, and Vyabhikaribhavas. When Sthaibhavas unite with others, the three Bhavas, one attains the quality of Rasa.

There was four commentator who talked about Rasaa :

Bhatta Lollata took the lead in this direction followed by Sri Sankuka and Bhatta Nayaka. 

a) Bhatta Lollata

b) Sri Sankuka 

c) Bhatta Nayaka

 d) Abhinava Gupta

A) Bhatta Lollata - (Utpatti Rasa)

He held that Rasa is

nothing more than an intensified and heightened Sthayibhava as a result of the combined effects of the play, the players and various theatrical devices. He further maintained that Rasa is located primarily in the characters. His Rasa is in fact real life Sthayibhava which is intensified, nurtured and heightened by Vibhavas, Anubhavas and Vyabhicari Bhavas. Rasa-nispatti (realization of Rasa) in Lollata’s interpretation of Rasa-sutra becomes Rasa-utpatti (production of Rasa) or

upaciti (intensification of Sthayibhavas culminating to Rasa). The imitation of the character by actors who acquire this through their process of training and the other theatrical devices employed during the production of the play become a source of Rasa for the spectators.

B) Sri Sankuka :-Anumiti- Vada Pratitivada

Sri Sankuka strongly criticised that Rasa is not a matter of production or intensification of sthayibhavas. Instead the Rasa is inferred. The sthayibhavas actually do not inhere in the actor

but it is inferred to be the trained actor will his perfect rendering by means of blend vibhavas, anubhavas and vyabhicaris bhavas along unreal, creates an imitation of sthayibhava.

The realisation of Rasa takes place when the audience infer the existence of sthayi. It is interesting to note that this type of cognition is unique, unlike any other accepted form of cognition. To expand

his point further he offers an analogy of citra-turaga nyaya which stands for the analogy through which one can learn that the horse in the picture is actually called a horse. His elaboration of sthayibhava and its relation of vibhavas etc. and Rasa are significant. 

C) Bhatta Nayaka :- Bhuktivada

According to Bhatta Nayaka whatever role is play by actor and actress if they are able to connect and feel and same thing is feel by audience  then only Rasa produced.

D) Abhinav Gupta :-

According to Bhashya : Greatest theory of NATYASHASTRA propounded by Abhinav Gupta. He wrote critical grantha name Lochan.

But we live life with understanding rather than Bhava and Rasas

Dhvani Theory : Voice - sound 

Dhvani has  Language , Thought when Rasa has Bhav not language.

The Dhvanyaloka of Anandvardhan is with Bharata’s Natyasastra, the most central theory of literature in Indian tradition. Dhvani Theory is basically a semantic theory and Rasa theory is an affective theory. Anandvardhana was the chief exponent of Dhvani Theory and Abhinavagupta had made significant contribution to it. Poetry is a verbal structure. There cannot be any poetry without words. 

Language doesn't have meanings but voice has a meanings. And Rasa indirectly connect with the Dhvani - Voice.

What is Dhvani ??

Whenever we read, listen and then whatever we understood it's called Dhvani.

The Dhvanyaloka of Anandvardhan is, with Bharata’s Natyasastra, the most central theory of literature in Indian tradition. Dhvani Theory is basically a semantic theory and Rasa theory is an affective theory. Anandvardhana was the chief exponent of Dhvani Theory and Abhinavagupta had made significant contribution to it.  Poetry is a verbal structure. There cannot be any poetry without words. The poetry invokes emotional response, and that is followed by the understanding of its emotive language and the appreciation by the reader of the true import of the

poet. 

The supporters of Dhvani theory maintain that the situation, the context, the speaker, the words and their meanings all conjointly produce the suggestion. There are three powers of words or three aspects of Dhvani:

1)Abhidha (denotation)

2)  Laksana (implication)

3) Vyanjana (suggestion)

1)अभिधा (Abhidha) - Literal Meaning of the word

2)लक्षणा (Lakshana) - Characteristical Meaning of the word

3)व्यंजना (Vyanjana) - Poetic & Metaphysical Meaning of the word

According to Aanandvardhan Dhavni is soul of poetry because without Dhavni we can't feel happiness.

Abhinavagupta in Dhvanyaloka Locanam explains that ‘sabda sakti moola’ (word) and ‘arthasakti moola’ (meaning) have a role to play. He further explains the word ‘dhvani’ in two different way: -

1).ध्वनति इति ध्वनि:-That which suggest both word and meaning is Dhvani

2). ध्वन्यते इति ध्वनि - That which is suggested is Dhvani

3).ध्वननं ध्वनि: - Process of Suggestion is Dhvani

4).ध्वनि समुदाय: ध्वनि: - Entire Literature is Dhvani

So, Many authors such a Bharat, Mammatt, Bhāmah, Dandi considered various aspects such as Rasa, Alamkar, Riti, Vakrokti as the important part of the poem. But Anandvardhan is one step ahead. He said the above-mentioned aspects were the body of the poetry. In short, they were part of the poetry. Whereas 'Dhvani' is the soul of poetry. Just like the human body is not alive with soul, poetry is also lame without Dhvani.

3) Vakrokti Theory :-

This theory is given by Kuntak.  He wrote   treatise named Vakroktijivitam.

वक्रोक्ति :- use to taunt - indirectly say something

 

वैदगध्य - विशिष्टभंगीभणिति : 'To say something specifically'

Vinod sir told us very interesting reality of nature is that we never find triangle or square in nature,  we only find round shape in Every natural elements. And like that when we give shape to our language it became interesting and sentence became more important if we put best word in best order.

Kuntak give Idea of 'six' kind of Vakrokti :-

1)Phonetic figurativeness:-

Varnavinyasa Vakrata—encompasses alliteration, rhyme, and all other subtle effects of sound in poetry. Kuntaka recognises onomatopoeic effects. Shakespeare’s ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair’.

2)Lexical figurativeness:-

padapurvardha Vakrata—includes stylistic choice in vocabulary, metaphor, power of adjectives and veiled expressions. For example, carefully concealing a Mahapataka—“Is he despatched”

3)Grammatical figurativeness :-

pratyaya vakrata—involves the deft use of suffixes, especially those indicating numbers, person, and case forms. It also includes delineation of inanimate objects as animate and personification of objects—instead of saying ‘tense’—‘make my seated heart knock at my ribs’.

'પાન લીલું જોયું ને તમે યાદ આવ્યા'

4)Sentential Figurativeness:-

Vakyavakrata—it is the permeating presence that enters all other elements. The effect is akin to a painter’s stroke that shines out distinctively from the beauty of the material used. Most of the figures of speech are instances of it.

'You too Brutas!!'

5)Contextual figurativeness :- 

Prakarana vakrata comprises all those factors which contribute to the strikingness of the context. Whatever said before we understood new things by this that is Prakarana vakrata. For example,  The equivocation in the prediction of witches, culminating in the materialisation of the Birnamwood coming to Dunsinane, the emergence of Macduff, ‘untimely rippd from his mother’s womb’ to kill Macbeth, the apparition of the witches and the sleep walking scene are examples of contextual figurativeness.

6)Compositional figurativeness :- 

 Prabandha vakrata. This includes adaptation of a story from a well-known source with new twists added to it, with a new emotional significance, deletion of unnecessary episodes, the development of even minor incidents into events of far reaching consequences and strikinglness. Kuntaka regards a literary composition as an allegory which conveys some profound moral message and this moral content is also regarded as a compositional figurativeness. For example, In Ramayana whatever say through Sita - Ram, it's not for them but for the society.

4) Alankar Theory :-

'Bhamaha give Idea of the Alankar Theory'

According to him language is the only true ornaments, when we apply Alankar in language then it's become beautiful.

Bhamaha wrote treatise name "KAVYALANKARA".

(1)Simile - Upama:-

 Bharata mentions this figures in his discussion on poetry. As a rhetorical device it was used in the oldest of vedic writings "and has played an important part in Indian literature at all times" It can be asserted that simile as a figurative

expression is as old as speech itself. It is one of the basic devices used by poets

of any language "to make the description of his subject more responsive to his

emotions and to the reactions which reality rouses in his feelings.

In short wherever we find similarities that is Upama Alankar.

2) Possibility - Utpreksha :-

Wherever we find Possibility for something there is Utpreksha Alankar.

3)Rupak - Metaphor :-

When a word is used for something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance.

The Alankara-sastra is called Poetics in English - the science of poetry. In its wider sense, Alankara means ornament, embellishment, that which beautifies poetry. It is also called as Sahitya. It embraces in its sphere, theory of poetry, the origin, form and variety of poet’s work.

The Shastras or ancient texts have categorized alankars into two broad groups :– 

1Aarthalankar :-

2)Shabdalankar :-

 The former comprised the varna based alankars of earlier times.

1)Arthalankar :-

When meaning of the word  give pleasure then it's called Arthalankar.

2) Shabdalankar :-

When Word give pleasure then it's called Shabdalankar.

When Word and meaning both are giving pleasure then it's Ubhayalankar.

5)Riti - Style :- 

    The riti School of poetics is represented by its chief exponent Vamana, author of kavyalankar sutravritti. Who wrote treatise name ' SAHITYAVICHAR'  in which he mentioned that 'riti' is the soul of the kavya - poem.

1) Vaidarbha:- 

According to vamana vaidarbha is that style which is untouched by even the slightest blemish, which is full of all the qualities and which is a scoot as the lute.

2)Gaudiya style:- 

The gaudiya style is characterized by Ojas and Kanti but it devoid of madhurya and saukumaryo it is full of long compound and bombastic words.

3)Panchali:-

 Panchali is the style which has the qualities of Madhurya and saukumarya and is devoid of ojas and kanti. It is soft and resemble the puranic style.

Style is always about comparison, and to be better is easier than became different.

Though creater is forgotten  , Style remain as it is. 

In their all of over things like that very interesting way of vamanna explain that how can poet make in common to different way of thinking. The Riti School developed by vamana was a serious attempt in this direction on all later critics.There theory is also useful to poetic version of totally depend not on one things but many things and some abstract is

very important Role of model.

6) Auchitya :-  Appropriate 

Kshemendra made ‘Auchitya’ the defines Auchitya as the property of an expression being an exact and appropriate analogue of the expressed. The theory of property or appropriateness claims that in all aspect of literary composition. There is the possibility of a perfect, the, most appropriate choice of subject, of ideas, of words, of devices as such, it has affinities with Longinus’s theory of the sublime.

That means poetry should be made by vastu,rasa,dhvani,and all over things were important but only for appreciable Achitya. If the poetry repentance of without Alankar, guna, that not for good qualities but very poor things of reproduce.Anandavardhana relates this principle specifically to rasa. It has been used for propriety in delineating bhavas according to character and in the choice of margas.

     According to the speaker, content and type of literary composition areas, locations or sites of literary compositions where the concept of Auchitya is pertinent.

Conclusion :-

Finally, there are all theory properly their condition may be true and right of his way through writing of literature. Indian poetics in such concepts of very valuable tools of evolution of work of art and some other related things. Here most important that we are not evolution to only for in one theory. All of theorist has right and true of his own view and poetry and literature creator got idea that all over theory possible to use of most kind of work.

Thank you for visit :)